Airspace
Airspace structure and implications for IFR navigation.
IFR navigation takes place within a structured airspace. This page presents the essential concepts used in the HOLD simulator.
Airspace structure
Airways
IFR routes are defined by segments connecting reporting points (waypoints), which are themselves defined by radio navigation aids.
A route segment is characterized by:
- Magnetic orientation (track to follow)
- Minimum altitude (MEA — Minimum Enroute Altitude)
- Distance between the two points
Reporting points (Waypoints)
Waypoints are defined by:
- A radio navigation aid (VOR, NDB) or
- An intersection of radials/bearings
In the HOLD simulator, waypoints appear on the map with their name and type.
Ground-based radio navigation aids
The ground-based aid network provides references for navigation:
| Aid | Typical range | Accuracy | Primary use |
|---|---|---|---|
| VOR | 100-200 NM | ±1° | Airways, approaches |
| NDB | 30-100 NM | ±5° | Routes, approaches, homing |
| DME | 100-200 NM | ±0.5 NM | Distance measurement |
In the simulator
The HOLD simulator simplifies certain aspects of airspace to focus on the essentials:
- Stations are positioned on an abstract map (no real cartography)
- Routes connect stations according to scenarios
- Waypoints are the checkpoints to reach in order
- Zones represent specific areas (holds, approaches)
Note: HOLD focuses on navigation and mental calculation, not on aviation regulations. Airspace is simplified compared to reality.